Tilting Trains

Vishveshwaraya Technological University, Belgaum TILTING TRAINS DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [pic] GUIDE : VINAY B U PRESENTED BY : ARUN USN : 4SF09ME014 SYNOPSIS With the invention of new technologies in various features of the railway transportation the human beings are more benefited. One of the technology that the railway engineers thinking is about the â€Å"THE TILTING TRAINS†, which provide the passengers and the goods to reach the destination with a minimum time.The technology involved in TILTING TRAIN is that when ever the trains pass over the curves and turnings of the railway tracks the compartments of the train is tilted to a certain angle by which the trains can travel with no reduction in speed. By adopting this technology of TILTING TRAINS the fuel consumed by the trains can be saved ,the passengers can feel comfort and also time can be saved. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Problem with corners 3. What is tilting train? 4. Why tilting helps? 5.How do trains tilt? 6. Problems associated in tilting the track 7. Passenger comfort ness 8. Countries who developed the tilting technology 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of tilting trains 10. Summary 11. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Train is a mass transporter, which transports humans and goods from one place to another place. We have trains, which run by diesel and electricity. Among goods and passenger trains the most concerned one is passenger trains. The passenger train should move quickly with high speeds.The rail road will not be always straight it should pass through curves and turns. We all know that if you are driving in your car and you take a turning at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains, if a train takes a turning at speeds centrifugal forces will be experienced. The major problem for any trains is to pass over the curves and turns of the railroads. If the train moves with the same speed at the curves and turns the train may slip from the track, so the speed of the train will be slowdown drastically to avoid slip.This results in wastage of fuel and in turn reduces the speed of the train, which is main consideration for the passenger trains. One of the solution found to avoid this situation is the tilting trains. PROBLEMS WITH CORNERS We all know that if your driving in your car and you take a corner at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains; if a train takes a corner at speed then centrifugal forces come in. Often train operating companies face a decision for building a high speed railway transport system†¦ hey can either invest money in the train to make it tilt but use existing railway lines, or they invest money in a new railway but don't need to spend money on expensive tilting mechanisms. This is why TGV, and ICE and bullet trains do not tilt, because they have their own dedicated high speed railway lines where curves are built with very high radii. It is worth pointing out that the ce ntrifugal force is a function of v2/r where v is the velocity and r is the radius. This means if you double the velocity, you quadruple the centrifugal force.Similarly, if you want to triple the velocity but keep the centrifugal force the same, you must increase the radius by a factor of nine! Something not always possible. This is why even apparently gentle curves can be much more of a problem with high speeds than one might thing, because the force rises with the square of velocity. WHAT IS TILTING TRAIN ? Tilting train consists of a tilting mechanism that enables increased speed on regular tracks. In the upper part of the tilting trains that is in which the passengers are seated can be tilted sideways.During the motion of the train if the train has to steer to left in a left turning the coaches of the train will be tilted to the left in order to compensate the centrifugal push to the right and conversely during the right turn. These trains are constructed such that inertial force s which cause the tilting can be controlled by a computer. If the trains travel at speeds more than the specified speeds at the turnings of the railway tracks their will be centrifugal forces acting on the train. Due to these centrifugal forces the train may slip and push out of the tracks.But in case of tilting trains which will not happen, because of the reason that centrifugal forces will be compensated by tilting mechanism. WHY TILTING HELPS? When sitting on a corner going at speed there are two forces acting on you, gravitational force and the centrifugal force which is accelerating you into the corner. In physics when two forces act, then this causes a resultant force. The resultant force will push you into your seat and to the side. However if the train is tilting, then the normal contact force of you on your seat will be the same as the resultant force you are experiencing.This means as far as the passenger is concerned he or she is just being pulled into his or her seat, an d he or she is used to that so no discomfort is felt. This is true also of aero planes, commercial planes tilt a large amount, up to 30 degrees when going around corners in some cases to cater for passenger comfort. As the tilting of the aero plane is to get rid of the problem of centrifugal forces, or more accurately to disguised the centrifugal forces as a part of gravity as far as the passengers are concerned. The only way you know if the aero plane is tilting is to look out of the window.Trains that tilt can go up to 25% to 40% faster around curves than conventional trains without upsetting the passengers, and as mentioned before this can significantly increase average speeds and cut journey times. HOW DO TRAINS TILT? Carriages have tilting mechanisms. Obviously the bogies cannot tilt because they ride on the track and must follow the path of the track. So the coaches have to tilt on the bogies. The way they do this is simple, the bogie acts a fulcrum in the center and it is fre e to tilt either side. Then pistons control how much the coach tilts. The pistons are controlled by a small computer, which uses a spirit level.The spirit level is used to check if things are horizontal remember, i. e. at right angles to the resultant force acting. Normally this force is gravity, but when going round a corner the resultant is a combination of gravity and centrifugal forces. This means the spirit level indicates it is no longer horizontal, so the computer adjusts the pistons until horizontal is read. Again this will not be horizontal to the ground, but as far as anyone on the train is concerned it will be horizontal, keeping the passengers happy. In the early days they tried to use inertial force to let the trains tilt†¦ i. e. hey would have no mechanism to make them tilt but the carriages would have a low center of gravity so centrifugal forces on the carriage would cause them to tilt. This proved unsuccessful. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED IN TILTING THE TRACK Well on h igh speed lines the track in the UK is heavily banked up on corners, although going in a high speed train you don't notice it at all. Occasionally when a high speed train in the UK comes to a stop because of a red signal or something on a curve you can really notice how much its slanted, on a stop on a curve put a bottle on the floor and will slide across to the other side.However there are limitations with tilting tracks, first of all the banking has to be designed with a specific speed in mind. A banked up track meant for 125mph trains is going to cause discomfort to passengers in a local 75mph train, as when a slower train goes round a banked corner it will make passengers feel like they are falling to a side. Of course you could build dedicated high speed lines, but then you would engineer them without tight curves. This limits the extent to which tracks can be banked up. If the rack is banked too much for really fast trains, then if any train comes to a stop on the curve due to a red signal the slant will cause discomfort to passengers. Also arranging for the overhead pantrograph to make proper contact with a wire above a banked curve is a little tricky. Clearly trains themselves need to tilt, then you get the double benefit of tilted track and tilting train, and the train can tilt to exactly suit the speed it is going at. PASSENGER COMFORTNESS One might think it is not safe to push a train round a corner at high speed. Indeed that is true. However the crucial thing is that the speed at which it becomes unsafe, i. . the speed at which there is enough force to push the train off the track is incredibly high. In fact the force needed would be enough so that all passengers on the train couldn't move and would be stuck to the sides of the train. This implies that there is scope for increasing the speed of a train round corners a great deal without it becoming unsafe, however passengers will object. There are two reasons why it is bad for passengers. I have be en on a late running Inter City 125 and it took a corner at some speed although only about 90mph and the corner wasn't tight enough to say see the train at the other end by looking out of the window.The corner wasn't tight enough to notice turning either. However you could feel the forces definitely, and empty cups rolled across tables, bags creaked and I felt pushed against the wall. Any faster and it would be extremely uncomfortable for passengers and they would rather the train slowed down and take a little longer. Also companies don't like to run trains at speed round corners because it upsets passengers, as when exposed to turning forces they may become worried the train is going to fly off the tracks (which incidentally has never happened). This might make people nervous about traveling on high speed trains.The reason no one is ever nervous about traveling at nearly 200mph on a train is because it is smooth and constant. If it was doing corners at these speeds people wouldn't like it. People get freaked out doing 50mph on a roller coaster which involves tight curves, imagine how they feel when serious speed is involved! Its all down to the forces a passenger feels, if a passenger feels a lot of strong forces then he or she is going to be nervous, and may avoid traveling on the train, or just choose a slow train. COUNTRIES WHO DEVELOPED THE TILTING TECHNOLOGY BritainThe UK was interested in developing the advanced passenger train for quite a while France The development of the tilting train in France began in 1956 when eng. Mauzin built and experimented a single car unit that used inertial (non-assisted) tilting. This experiment were suspended because a natural tilting proved too difficult to accomplish. France preferred to built a vast network of high speed lines and the development of TGV started in the early seventies with a two-car modified turbo train. Today GEC-Alsthom has decided to start the development of a tilting TGV that has been delivered few weeks ago for testing and trials.Spain With the ETR-401 Fiat delivered in 1976 a wide-gauge version to Spain that was designated Tren Basculante (RENFE Type 443). However like its Italian sibling it remained a single vehicle. Later Spain developed a tilting version of its own Talgo train (talgo pendular) that so far has proved itself the only successful example of natural tilting and has met with a huge success. USA/Canada The first experiments were carried over in the thirties with non-powered cars (called pendulum), but the first successful tilting train in the USA was the Sikorsky Turbo Train which incorporated an inertial tilting mechanism.Later, in 1973 Amtrak tested an active tilting train called LRC (Light – Rapid – Comfortable) made of ten cars, that unfortunately had no success. Today Amtrak is trying again with the American Flyer built by Bombardier using some TGV-derived technologies. Sweden ABB developed in the early seventies an active tilting mechanism t hat was alternative to the Italian and British ones. This was tested in the X15 vehicle and implemented in the X2000 series train that so far has had a good success. One curious feature of this trains is that the tilting mechanism is applied only to the passengers cars and not to the driving motor units.Switzerland As a part of the IC-2000 project the Swiss railways are developing a tilting train that has the provisional designation ICN-2000 and will be built by SIG. Germany Germany has adopted tilting technology on its 610 and 611 class series EMU and will built the ICT for long-range intercity services ADVANTAGES 1. Fuel consumed by the trains can be minimized. 2. Speed of the trains can be maintained constant and hence time to reach the destination is minimized 3. Their will be Comfort ness for the passengers. DISADVANTAGES 1. Very costly to manufacture these kind of trains. . If the coaches do not tilt then it is dangerous. SUMMARY While the Very high speed trains like the TGV c ould be regarded as the Rolls Royce of trains, tilting trains could be thought of as the cheep and cheerful mini metro. The price differential is fairly similar too, it costs about 20 times more per unit distance to build a dedicated high speed line than it does to upgrade existing lines for tilting trains. This is what makes tilting trains extremely attractive. However there are disadvantages. 140mph or 230km/h is about as fast as trains go when not on dedicated lines.And then they have to be fitted in with slower moving traffic. With rail travel growing all over Europe, the problems of railways reaching saturation point has forced new lines to be build. This is why despite the success of the Italian Pendolini a new high speed line with 300 km/h trains is being built, because existing lines are at saturation. BIBILOGRAPHY Theory of machines KHURMI . R. S Railway Engineering PROFILLDIS . V. A www. goggle search. com TILTING TRAINS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN T HE TRACKS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS

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Helping Behaviour And Human Rights - Essay Example In a study of social science students, they were reported to have strong "just world" beliefs, and that these values were directly impacting on their motivations to help elderly persons with socio-economic and health care needs (Maclean & Chown, 1988). A cross-cultural study using British and Canadian participants, it was found that they tended to dismiss the needs and expectations of elderly clients as a ay to better service the greater need of the community. The proposed study aims to provide a qualitative perspective of helping professional attitudes among undergraduate psychology students in the UK. Using a focus group, the primary investigator aims to extend current understandings of the beliefs, values and attitudes of helping profession students who will be interacting with the elderly in their future careers. Eight undergraduate psychology students from the University of will be recruited using snowball sampling (i.e., by word of mouth). The sample will be stratified across gender and ethnicity to reflect the diversity present in the wider population of psychology students. Informed consent will be obtained to enable participation. No incentives will be given for participation. A tape recorder, with spare batteries and notepaper and pens will be required by the prima

Work Sheet Questions Essay Example for Free

Work Sheet Questions Essay 1) Throughout the selection, Jamaica Kinkaid seems to not be dealing with conflict in the present but more with reflecting on her conflicts in the past. She portrays her mother in not the best sense, sharing with us how she would always talk down to her kids and never be â€Å"motherly†. Kinkaid states when her and her siblings were younger, the mother was viewed as more of a â€Å"God† than a mother, that she was always there to help them out in times of need but as they started to grow, the mothers outlook on her children would change. The kids started to resent their mother to a point where Kinkaid said she would â€Å"rather be dead than spend an eternity to with her†. Kinkaid was left on bad terms with her mother, 3 years with no speaking because her mother never supported her responsibilities and didn’t consider Kinkaid becoming an independent woman. 2) At the time of the conflict, which is when Kinkaid had started to grow up, I could tell that she was very hurt by it. She says how she has children now and they love one another and love her, and she relates it back to her growing up and how everything was so much different with her relationship with her mother. When Kinkaid’s mother was acting the way she was towards herself and her siblings, she had a sense of resentment towards her mother because all her mother would do is discourage and lower her self esteem by all the negative comments being said. There was a sense of tension between the mother and her children, her children (to me) always seemed like they were unhappy by their mothers actions and the way she acted towards them. A mother is suppose to be the best person in your life, a care taker, some one always there to pick you up but, not in the case we are given with Jamaica Kinkaid. 3) When dealing with â€Å"initial perspective†, I decide to always culturally analyze the essay and what is going on throughout it. I noticed that at the beginning of the essay, Kinkaid is referring to her mother as a â€Å"God†, using the word god as a term to her your mother, made me take a religious look on some parts of the essay. When Kinkaid tries to explain to us how her mother is a â€Å"God†, I can’t help but stop myself and think â€Å"she is just explaining what normal mothers do†. I believe she perceived her mother as a God whenever she helped her kids and was there for them and when she wasn’t she was just a â€Å"mother†. I think the author holds her perspective of hurt throughout the essay because she is trying to share with her audience the way she felt and was treated throughout all the times with her mother. 4) Different perspectives exist in the same time period because there are millions of people living in the same time period and everyone is entitled to their own thought. Take slavery for example, in the South there were white people and black people. The black people hated slavery because they were the slaves and were being mistreated doing labor, where as the white people just controlled them. That is the same time period but two different perspectives. 5) There is no perspective change over time. Jamaica Kinkaid starts off the essay by telling us her problem with her mother, as the essay goes on she elaborates and tells us details leading up to all the problems, such as the issues with her brother and not knowing her real father. And she ends the story with speaking about her children and referring briefly back to why things never worked out with her mother. 6) I don’t believe there was a perspective time because as I said, Kinkaid stuck with the same theory throughout the essay. There was never a time in the essay where she had a total change of heart about her mother, there were times when she did talk good about her, when she would tell stories how her mother would take care of the kids when ever something was wrong, but mostly the story talks about the dislike and misunderstanding between a mother and her children.

Contemporary Globalization Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Globalization Essay Are you a forerunner of the so called Contemporary Globalization or in your view point do you adhere to Global Diversity? This short paper is to review globalization developments and their impacts or consequences whether is it a threat to human dignity in terms of providing a safer work place and leisure to man and will it promotes democracy and justice for all (Johnston, Mont 2000)? Globalization began in the 70’s and reaches all the corners of the world through the creation of IMF, the World Bank and, WTO. Globalization was also brought about by the advance communication technology and collapse of communism (Johnston, Mont 2000). According to the Canadian Union Council (CUC), â€Å"globalization does not account of the right of conscience, and democracy is only hearsay. Trade fundamentalist works with corporate lawyers to develop trade rules which expressly exclude consideration of the environment and human rights in favor of return on investments, consideration on the rights of others are only taken into consideration only in extraordinary circumstances†. For this reason, the Council created seven principles of the UUs covenants to counter act or to balance the wave of globalization which is detrimental to the Unitarian way of thinking in which it firmly believes that uniqueness of every person must be reverently acknowledge preserving his culture. It is in diversity that a genuine human society is born. Globalization spread the culture of homogenous market and consumerism; it limits human choices because human values are dictated by market values. Manfred Steger further stated globalism in his book A New Market Ideology as â€Å"globalony†. Consequences or impacts of Globalization: Neoliberals or the globalist supported their claims on the following ideology: Globalization is market integration, inevitable and irreversible, none is in-charge and it would benefit everyone, and will further spread democracy. These are strategies in order to promote private interests of dominant few to be supported by the general public. These claims were carefully examined by Steger as he insisted that we need to critically understand what are globalism, ideology, and globalization which are a process of globalism. He also pointed out that it is not only enough to examine its economic outcome but its ideas and values (Walker 2003). It is a hard truth to accept that the human will are dictated by market trends which mean that human values are being replaced by market value or the limiting of our choices which is contrary to the free act of man. Corporations have extended on a global scale, 51 among top companies are run by the wealthiest 100 multinationals (Carmichael 2002). Steger asserted that it is undemocratic because the influence of the supranational bodies will decrease the ability of national governments to regulate multinational corporations. Wiwa in his audience with law students declare that The governance are no longer for the benefit of the citizens, as it should be, but for corporate profit. Decisions reflect only what corporations want (Carmichael 2002)†. Anything that gets in their way must be removed at all costs, no wonder there could be a time that man will be replaced by robots. For man to survive, diversity is needed but regimes like the WTO has modeled globalization which resulted into a homogenous culture of consumerism. It sees that diversity is an impediment to the free trade. One example is the over-produced food that flooded the developing countries; it forces small farmers to abandon their farms to work for Nike and other corporations. Mexican farmer’s earnings have declined by 40%. Poverty radically increases while the stocks of multinationals increases. Ken Wiwa a physician and an author of the book â€Å"Dance the guns to Silenceâ€Å"was hanged in November 1995 for his crusade against globalization and today it is his brother Owen who continues by addressing a political science class at the University of Toronto about the consequence of globalization saying You have that paradox whereby an increase in transnational corporations in the south will increase the poverty and conflict and wars in that country and Ten years from now you may be working in these corporations and governments so it is up to you to make an influence â€Å"(Carmichael 2002). Shell Corporation and the Ogoni people faced the dilemma between the clearing of its oil spills and the MOSOP Movement of the Ogoni People for Survival in the 1990s. Oil extraction in their country is to the detriment of its inhabitants. Sickness related to air and water pollution like asthma and other diseases outnumbered the hospital built in 1993. Though the company has left the premises they have not really removed their pipelines nor cleaned up and paid compensation to their workers. The company remained quiet and the military was no longer engaged but arrest started Wiwa stated (Carmichael 2002). Based on the above consequences, Steger’s touches the tenets of his argument that it is the human will and choices that must create market models and not the goods or the reverse wherein market limits suppressed human choices. His argument was based on the historical facts that man lords over the earth and that no society have emerged without knowing how to take care of its own. Society degrades or falls when only a privileged few are protected, when dominance is instilled prejudices and other sisters of greed appears. The value of human work diminishes and man begins to serve only his appetite and whims. Indeed, we must account for the gifts we received such as the talents endowed to us. There is a need of strengthening our world communities to use collective power to develop alternatives to Globalization and Corporate Rule. We must examine and challenge ourselves what is behind each ideology and must patronize products and services that are truly for the benefit of mankind. We must put our best efforts that wealth is distributed equitably and for the common good. We must learn to scrutinize the use of worldly goods and sharpen our values to preserve the world and the future of the next generation. References Mel Johnston, Alastair Mont, Philip Symons Calgary, Alberta 2000, the CUC Policy on Globalization, [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 01 February 2008 from, http://www. cuc. ca/social_responsibility/globalization. htm Teresa Walker 2003, Globalism: The New Market Ideology by Manfred Steger, [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 01 February 2008 from, http://www. logosjournal. com/walker. htm Stefanie Carmichael (2002). Owens Wiwa tackles consequences of globalization [Electronic Version]. The Manitoban. Retrieved 02, February 2008 from, http://www. themanitoban. com/2001-2002/0403/news_8. shtml

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius CSR has been subject to much analysis for different types of businesses who were controlled and managed by futurist and modern managers who were here to provide a new dimension in the business era. It is a concept where managers or leaders of certain firms decide to contribute voluntarily for a better social environment. Companies provide us with these because they have they need to contribute back for the land that they use. The other reason is that it is purely voluntary, and they provide us with such services without expecting anything in return. May researches have come with various definitions of CSR, but however, they all posses the following characteristics in common: Business commitment to try to add value and a better way of living for the whole society. Making society benefit from it Protecting nature and our environment Vyarkarnam also found out during his study that CSR dealt with these following areas: environmental problems, charities and donation, Investment in activities. Corporate Social Responsibility is a process that companies apply to bring benefits to the society. The latter has legal, commercial, ethical and public expectations from business activity. CSR is implemented in a way such that it meets the needs and in some instances, exceeds the expectations. The equivalent testimony gave some evidence of the diverse School of thoughts which interpret CSR differently worldwide. Definition of CSR from Ghana is CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government,  however Philippians CSR is about business giving back to society.   Theoretical Rationale behind Corporate Social Responsibility 2.1 The Social Contract Theory The Social Contract Theory hypothesizes that the cornerstone of morality are uniform social accords that best serve the interests of those who make the agreements. (A.K.H. Khor) This means that if the social contract between the business and the community is breached, there will be conflict leading to a revocation of the contract and the firm then risks sanctions imposed by the individuals of the society. For example demand may be reduced, legal restrictions may be imposed, and also denial of human and financial resources. 2.2 The Legitimacy Theory It is said that the Legitimacy Theory and the Social Contract Theory are inter connected. To be viewed as being socially responsible, investors do not hesitate to pay a premium for corporate behaviour (Pava and Krauze, 1996; Toms, 2000). This is so because it ensures the continual inflow of capital, labour and customers needed for viability. This proves the importance of CSR The confidence of corporate stakeholders suffered a serious blow, undermining their faith in the accounting profession, following the revelation of the corporate scandals at WorldCom and Enron. Thus a call has been made for more transparent reporting and the Legitimacy theory arose and implied the above social contract. 2.3 The political Economy Theory This theory is quite a recent one, and it gives us a good approach on how to explain CSR. That is, this theory states that economics and politics cannot be separated. The mission and long term objective of the firm should coincide with that of the government. Hence, it is obvious that firms engage in CSR by taking into consideration its employees, the society and other stakeholders affected by its activities. Thus, this approach gives us a good idea as to why firms engage in these activities. 2.4 The stakeholder theory According to Milton Friedman, the main objective of an organisation in the past was profit making and maximization. That is, firms were established only in the view of making profit, ignoring the harmful effect that they might be doing to the society at large. At these times, there were no firms engaging in CSR activities. The stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management that tries to address different topics in business, such as, morals and values in management. This theory was originally put forward by Edward Freeman. According to him, a business does not only involve the owner, management and workers of the company. It involves the society at large, that is, the government, political groups, communities and even competitors. Freeman stated that when doing business, it was immoral just to reward the workers and owners of the business. Instead, it should be rewarding the whole society at large, and hence, coming forward with CSR activities. The stakeholder Theory attempts to justify the provision of social information in an attempt to gain stakeholder support and thus minimize the costs of dealing with complaints and actions that might otherwise affect them. (Davis, 2003) We can categorize the stakeholders of the companys: Shareholders; Employees; Suppliers; Customers; Government; Trade unions; Business associates; local community and Even competitors. Ullmann (1985) suggested a model based on the stakeholder theory according to which, if stakeholders control the essential resources it is ultimate for business to responds positively to the demands of the former. As an empirical accountability, the organisations identify its stakeholders. This is supported by by referring to the extent of which the organisation believes in the interplay with each group needs to be managed in order to further the interest of the organisation, the more important the stakeholder to the organisation, the more effort will be extended in managing the relationship. The impact of CSR on the decision making of stakeholders of a business. Shareholders. RARE researches brought, a company indulge in Corporate social Responsibility efforts can strengthen the voice of shareholders in sustainability matters. On a better information basis, they can assess their companys sustainability performance and assert their rights to promote more corporate responsibility (Shareholder activisms). Shareholders look for confidence and hope in a company. Therefore guided by their ethical principles, many investors choose firms taking into consideration the social and environment issues. In the study of Epstein and freedman, investors reduce the uncertainty about the value of their investment through reducing their environmental risks and the firms product safety and quality among others. Employees The literature of management science regard the relationship of management-employee as an essential one, employees are one of the key stakeholders for any business and evidence is growing of the importance of employees attached to the companies demonstrating their CSR records through progressive employment practice as well as through their behavior as good corporate citizens to know about the working conditions and sustainability job hunters make use of the annual report. Companies promoting the social responsibility provide such information through CSR disclosure. Crowther says that employees are search to work for companies that reflect and embody their values and who are as concerned about principles as they are with profits. In search of job security, CSR disclosure is helpful to employees. suppliers For suppliers, CSR such as fair trade practices hold the potential that the buying company grants preferential purchasing conditions, frequently to stabilize the exchange relation and gain legitimacy as well as customers (RARE research project). Thus it can be deduce that suppliers also use CSR to some extent to establish good commercial relationship. Customers Through CSR activities like reporting companies provide more (non-financial) information to customers who can then take better informed decisions on purchasing or rejecting the companys product (voice; cf. Rrubik et al. 2000) A fresh event marked by The oil spill in the gulf provoked a total chaos leading to BP customers rejecting BPs products worldwide. Local Community According to Glautier and Underdown (1994), local communities are very dependent on local industries, not only because they provide employment, but also because they directly affect the entire socio-economic structure of the environment. Industrial activities have always both positive and negative impact on the community at large. CSR disclosure is useful to the community in the sense that they may identify the companies with the good companies-public relationship. As such, the local community has an interest in the activities of the local industries, and requires much more information on social benefits and cost than the public relations-type information. government The government use CSR disclosure as a tool to set norms and assess a companys environmental concern. CSR may constitute a framework for cooperative governance where the traditional means of the state fail: public private (or trilateral) cooperations might make accessible information, innovation, and legitimacy potentials that allow the tackling of sustainability problems more effectively. Wolff (2004). 4.0 Why do companies indulge in CSR activities? It can be seen, especially after big international crisis, which businesses need to reflect on how to improve the image of their company. Milton Friedman argued it is the head of firms, that is, executives that have the responsibility towards society and other stakeholders. Friedman says that if actions that have been done result in a decrease in the return of shareholders, an increase in the price for consumers or result in a decrease in the wages of employees, customers and shareholders are spending money for the corporate social responsibility issues. Like said by smith in The Wealth of the nations (1776), It is not from the benevolence of the baker, the brewer and the butcher , that we get our meal, but from their regard to their own best interest is in line with what Friedman says in his book , Capitalism and Freedom where he refer to social responsibility in firms as a fundamentally subversive doctrine in society nowadays where businesses main aim is to make maximum profits by using recourses effectively. Therefore as said by Friedman, a businesss duty is to make as much profits as it is legally possible. In his paper, the author titled Morality in the Marketplace, Robert Almeder questions whether corporate behavior should be restricted by moral or illegal considerations. In the paper, the author takes the example of general motors and firestone that knowingly made the promotion of a defective product even though they knew that it would reduce their market share. He also talk about the lack of morality of advertising companies that promote the consumption of cigarettes knowing that this is prone to attract more smokers and therefore will increase the number of people who might get lung cancer and many other disease. According to him, to make businesses act more responsibly , authorities should come up with a laws such that corporate managers should effectively put CSR in practice , at their own expense rather than censured and fines a sum from corporate profits. (Almeder, R et al (1983) (eds) Business Ethics: Corporate values and society) The form of corporate social responsibility most commonly found in businesses are them taking care of the environment around them. Environmental issues are an inescapable part of planning business strategies for the foreseeable future and boards of directors who ignore this, do so at their own peril. 5.0 Is it relevant and worthwhile for companies to report on CSR issues? It is important for a business to communicate properly its financial position and equally its plans and actions concerning the social responsibility so as to maintain the good relationship of existing stakeholders and attract potential investors. According to Roger Adams, ACCAs executive director, it is becoming more and more pressing and urgent for companies to indulge in CSR if they want to enhance their corporate reputation, thus supporting the above statement. He also said that global investors increasingly regard good environmental management as an integral element of overall governance and accountability. Moreover in an analysis on Post-Eron: Post-Andersen, Roger Adams proceeds to say that Pressure is mounting foe companies to widen the scope of corporate public accountability and many are responding by including social data in their reports, preferably through a well managed process of stakeholder dialogue. (Accounting Business, July/August 2002) Based on Roger Adams statements, it is clear that globally CSR has rooted its importance in the world of business and helps in corporate sustainability and success showing its relevance and worthiness. Lack of ethical standards and social responsibility has lead to corporate collapse in various parts of the world recently leaving scar on the global economy. Howard Davies put forward that event in the US for the past years demonstrate that a breakdown in of ethical standards within a firm can carry high reputational and financial penalties. (Accounting Business, February 2003) Stakeholders are required to portray a good governance of an organisation, its transparency and proper accountability to access organizations worthiness. In Rachel Jacksons (ACCAs head of social and environmental issues) words: the increased influence of non governmental organisations NGOs) and the demand by the stakeholders for greater transparency, organizational accountability and good governance were key drivers for CSR. Accounting Business, June 2004). Moreover she adds that some potential advantages that can be derived by business practicing transparency and accountability can be: enhancement of business reputation, improvement of investor relations and access to capital, increase in competitiveness and market positioning. Other factors that push companies to be socially responsible are: Economic rationality considerations, To comply with borrowing requirements, To benefit from lower resource use and operation cost, And to improve competitive advantage and global exposure. 6.0 Empirical evidence of CSR. 6.1 The usefulness and relevance of CSR disclosure. Empirical studies effected by Belkaoui (1980) and Milne (1999), and Hendricks (1976) proved that CSR disclosure is useful and relevant. However results obtained were in favor of both positive and negative impact on investment decision. Hai Yap Teah and Godwin Y Shiu also carried out an empirical study which revealed that social responsibility disclosure in company annual reports may be more helpful in decision making if the data is presented numerically that focus on product improvement and fair business practices. Hence, we can deduce that for CSR disclosure to be deemed relevant and useful, it should speak the language of figures. Formbrun and Shanky put forward some empirical evidence which suggest that the greater a companys contribution to social welfare is; the better the goodwill becomes. Hereby they may benefit from premium prices, enhance their access to capital market and attract investors. Hence it supports the school of thought advanced earlier by other research work extending the impact of CSR on investment decision. According to Mc Gaire et al (1988) a firm that is perceived to be acting responsibly will face less labor unrest and will gain kudos in the eyes if its potential customers, increasing its sales base. Nevertheless, the other side of the coin refers to the fact that it s not necessary that CSR disclosure directly improves the profitability for mixed results obtained. 6.2 CSR Framework as developed by ERNSTERNST (1978) Six areas have been found by Ernst and Ernst (1978), in which corporate social objectives may be set. They are: Environment Fair business practices Human recourses Community involvement Energy Products 6.3 Code of Corporate Governance However in section 7 of The Code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius , that is , the Integrated Sustainability Reporting identifies four areas which should be subject to disclosure . They are: Ethics Environment Health and Safety Social issues These information are considered important by The Code as it is considered as informative and will help stakeholders build a culture of social and environmental responsibility. (Code of Corporate Governance section 7) 6.3.1 Ethics Ethics means being responsible , diligent and integer. A business disclosing ethical principles will make people trust in it as they will know that the company has a good code of conduct. It will be assumed that this company is aware and concerned about its duties towards society and stakeholders. 6.3.2 Environment Firms should do their utmost best to reduce the negative effects of industrial production and adopt more effective and efficient methods to make least use of exhaustive recourses. The company should disclose any project that they do which have for effect to help in preserving the environment. 6.3.3 Health and Safety Health and Safety practices and policies should be developed and implemented in the business. Also, safety and health risk identification has to be undertaken. This will lead to betterment in risk management strategies. 6.3.4 Social issues Social issues include community involvement, human recourse and fair business practices. The Code requires that businesses adopt fair policies in promotion and recruitment of employees.

David Foster Wallace’s essay Consider the Lobster -- Wallace Animal Ri

Consider the Audience The gluttonous lords of the land capture those who are unable to defend themselves, boil the captives alive, and then feast on their flesh. Could this be the plot of some new summer blockbuster? It could be, in fact, but for now we will focus on how this depiction of events compares to David Foster Wallace’s essay, â€Å"Consider the Lobster,† which starts as a review of the Maine Lobster Festival, but soon morphs into an indictment of not only the conventions of lobster preparation, but also the entire idea of having an animal killed for one’s own consumption. Wallace shows great skill in establishing ethos. In the essay, he succeeds in snaring a receptive audience by laying out a well-baited trap for an audience who was looking for something else altogether, but he ultimately fails to keep hold of much of his catch. The piece in question was written for and published in Gourmet magazine. Presumably, the readers of that publication have already made up their minds about what they like to eat. A philosophical treatise on animal rights is probably not high on their reading list. In order to suck these readers in, Wallace hides his disdain for the subject matter inside cynical and ironic language. In his opening sentence, Wallace refers to the Maine Lobster Festival as â€Å"enormous, pungent, and extremely well-marketed† (252). This is an effective turn of phrase in that each reader assigns his or her own values to those adjectives. While an optimist sees in his mind’s eye a large, aromatic party filled with revelers from all over the continent, a pessimist pictures a crowded, stinky mess which has sold out for the money. Wallace draws them both in with his careful use of language. The words â€Å"optimi... ...lace’s inability to set up enough ethos to bring the reluctant portion of his audience along on his exploration of animal-rights issues causes this to be an ineffective piece. The only readers who are interested in its points are those who already agree with them. The vast majority of readers will either tune him out once he starts using more negative and eventually desperate language, or they will get through the piece and then go have some dead animal prepared for their supper without a second thought. He skillfully guides the audience into his net through his early use of neutral language, but when he tries to draw in his catch he ends up opening a giant hole in his netting, allowing many to follow their peers back into the murky sea from whence they came. Sources Cited David Foster Wallace’s essay, â€Å"Consider the Lobster,† in Gourmet Magazine. June 2008.

Character of Athena in Homers Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey womody

Character of Athena in Homer's Odyssey The "gray eyed" Athena is one of the most special characters in The Odyssey. First off, how many gray eyed people do you know? That makes her pretty special right there, adding to the fact that she is an Olympian goddess. As all goddesses are pictured, she has a thin figure (not skinny), great brown curling hair which flows from the head gently down to her slender waist, perfect toned peach (in Greek and Roman myths) skin, and, of course, the big blue shiny eyes which can mesmorize any mortal at first sight. That's one special person. And she doesn't fail to keep those aspects while helping out ol' Odysseus. In addition to her outstanding looks, she has a kind heart. Unlike her brother, Poseidon, she wants Odysseus to get back home to Ithaka. She also wants Telemahkos to meet his father for the first time in decades. She does this very cleverly. To help Telemakhos grow out of his cowardly childhood, she comes to him as a good friend, encouraging the young boy to do what he must and seek out news about his father. But when she leaves, she gives a little hint to him that she's actually a goddess by turning into a bird. I think this was a weakness of Athena. The fact that she constantly showed off to many people that she was indeed a goddess shows that she wants to be praised by all and showing a slight immature and soft side on her part. This can also be interpreted as a good action in some cases. When Telemakhos knows Athena, a goddess, is on his side, this gives him extra confidence. She also shows a caring side when she turns into many different figures to guide Odysseus through his journey. This shows determination on her part, saying that she really wants Odysseus, a brave soldier who fought for good in the Trojan War, to get home to his loving family. The way she changes form to try and trick Odysseus from thinking that he was indeed back home was a test. But he obviously saw through the charade and went to claim his rights back in his palace. This isn't the only way she helps Odysseus and Telemakhos.

Self-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper

Self-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Yellow Wallpaper", a story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the conflict centers around the protagonist's inability to maintain her sanity in a society that does not recognize her as an individual. Her husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to conform to their pre-set impression an appropriate code of behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a "schedule prescription for each hour in the day; [John] takes all care from me" (155). This code of behavior involves virtually no exertion of her own free-will. Rather, she is expected to passively accept the fact that her own ideas are mere fancy, and only the opinions of the men in her life can be trusted. She is expected to take their own uninformed opinions on her mental state over her own. While "Wallpaper" presents a powerful argument in favor of the feminist movement, the true issue behind the conflict is even more fundamental: the resiliency of human will in the face of social neg ation.    Obviously, it is impossible to maintain a healthy mental state in the oppressive environment surrounding the woman. Throughout the story, the author traces the woman's mental deterioration from a having a normal but weakened sense of self, to a complete inversion of her ego. She slowly inverts her orientation of her place in society, turning away from society completely in order to create a world where she can act on her own volition. In order to represent the stages of her gradually worsening state of mind, the author represents the woman's struggles through a parallel with her view of the wallpaper. The wallpaper is at first a seeming inversion of the woman's mind, but it is gradu... ...leasantville: Reader’s Digest, 1977.   195-206. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992 Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15. Kessler, Carol Parley. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860 -1935." Modem American Women Writers. Ed. Elaine Showalter, et al. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991. 155 -169. Owens, E. Suzanne. â€Å"The Ghostly Double behind the Wallpaper in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Scharnhorst, Gary. "Gilman." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 209-210. Wagner-Martin, Linda. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 981- 982.   

The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity

A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movement's name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled.African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sass's after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African Ame rican educators, students, and intellectuals.In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the harsh aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work.Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both h is poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major ole during this era.No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away.The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white supremacy in the rural south played a major role in the ignition of this intellectual movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longbo ats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation.

Why were Witches women?

For over three centuries, early modern europium was largely predominate by witchery persecutions, the scale of which more than(prenominal) atrocities had never been witnessed before. These persecutions arose from various significant instabilities of the beat. Tens of thousands of executions were carried out, curiously inside Central atomic number 63 and the spacious majority of deaths were attri onlyed to women. This is what was closely remark adapted round this distri honest nowor point the particular that so many a nonher(prenominal) women were prize as practitioners of witchcraft. I sh every(prenominal) be closely following the reasons for such(prenominal)(prenominal) large prosecutions at heart the early modern arrest.In particular, I shall be looking at the different sub-categories concerning reasons for such a exclude in the nature of witch prosecutions. These categories pass on be broken up as follows the performs gain on maleficia, whom the witches we re, the effect clubhouse had on the arrival of witchcraft, literatures perspective, natural vista and freethinking, and the confessions of witches. The Church was integral to the firm judgment system at bottom modern daylight Europe and was the main, driving component for social, stintingal and unearthly conformity.However, the Catholic Church as a unit had been threatened with The Reformation and theological perceptions and ideas were changing. Peoples interpretations and prior beliefs were now cosmos challenged, criticised and at that role was now total ghostly uncertainty and unbalance inwardly ships company. This hence led to the powerful Counter Reformation in which the Catholic Church began an attempt to non only counter the Protestant Reformation, but in any case to eliminate corruption, educate clergy and root on faith in the common tidy sum- (B. P. Levack, 1995).The combine of these cardinal ecclesiastical revolutions induced the necessary sacred disorder, which in turn would urgency the rise and development of more than(prenominal) than many and more extreme witch-hunts. In addition, these two reformed religions placed a re clean importance upon individual morals. This issued many with the require to place the burden of vilenesss upon someone else, and in effect to acquire a scapegoat- (B. P. Levack, 1995). passim history, such scapegoats have unspecific distributedly been the rejects of baseball club, the loners, the sick, and the curt.This get along was no different and in their bet for a dupe, someone to hold responsible, they lay out the witches. This period of great religious, social and sparing transformation combined with the prevalence of epidemics and natural disasters now had a target on whom to lay all the point upon a physical embodiment of the infernal that had been endured. Furthermore, as well as Martin Luther and Jean Calvin spotlight and condoning the burning of witches as whores of da ystar, the Church as a whole was responsible for evaluate witchcraft as part of caller, essentially forming the moral backing needed for such large-scale atrocities.So then, in 1485 the Catholic inquisition authorities published power hammer Maleficarum. This was essentially a book, confirming women as those responsible for witchcraft, as those capable of evil and temptation. Women atomic number 18 by nature instruments of fiend they are by nature carnal, a structural defect rooted in the original creation The playscript as well condemned witchcraft, or so people thought. Within exodus 2218 it orders, Thou shalt non suffer a witch to know.It is then this mixture of Church and theological backing that gave the people of Europe the license to act upon the witches at heart society, and to destroy anyone venture of witchcraft. It is interesting to feel then that this period of witch-hunting was well-nigh intense within Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Scotland, where th e countries were conscientiously heterogeneous- (G. Geis, 1997), comprising a mix of numerous Protestant and Catholic rememberrs. Moreover, the witch-hunts themselves have long been seen as part of a war against women, conducted overpoweringly by men and particularly, by those in authority.Infact, Deborah Willis notes that more polemical feminist accounts are likely to portray the witch as a heroic protofeminist resisting patriarchal heaviness and a wholly innocent victim of a male-authored reign of terror intentional to keep women in their place. (D. Willis, 1995, in weave page). Holistically speaking, the Churchs contribution to witchcraft attentions and prosecutions led to the familiar belief within society that demons livelyly interfered upon the Earth and that witches were hugely prevalent concerning the interactions with and/or the transaction with such forces upon the Earth.In general, in that respect was a greatly intensified and bracing belief in the supernat ural. For those who did not believe in such ideas, it still remained a plausible and effective tool for transformation the reprobate onto the women within society. It is now meaning(a) to fully recognise whom these witches were and to discern the types of women put-upon for such crimes against humanity. In general, it was the women from the lower sections of society who were seen as those who had the opportunity to commit noxious acts.Those who were widows and so were therefore able to inter things and to hide within the cloak of phantom to practice their magic and to meet with their familiars and neverthe little with the mystify himself, were a great deal prison terms susceptible to prosecutions. In addition, these women were seen as vessels of nature and much closer to the environment and conditions of nature than men, and so more able to dominate the elements. The number of unmarried women was also increasing and this was some other cause for panic within society. Th ese women were considered a burden on society.The other company vulnerable to witchcraft accusations were midwives. superstar of the ostensible practices of witches was the execution and cannibalism of infants, specially those who had not yet been baptised into the Christian faith. Therefore, it is of no surprise that this particular group was especially centre upon in cost of prosecutions. It was essentially a way for suffer families to be able to lay blame upon the midwife for the death of their child, particularly within times of increasing infant death rate and occasional infanticide.The general passel just was that witches were often cited as those outsiders of society, reliant upon lodge relief and benefits, draining the land of its wealth. Additionally, women were often cited with sorcery because of their traditional roles as cooks, nurses, midwives and keepers of the home. Witches were often associated as those who were in league with the fiend and as those who wo uld meet at Sabbats to farm spells, curses, practice killings and take part in lewd sexual acts with one another and with Satan himself.Single women were particularly focused upon for prosecutions concerning sexual abominations, as they were seen as more easily seductable and by far more sexual by nature. Indeed, the fact that the Devil was depicted as being the truly form of a man exceedingly extenuated the belief that women did take part in such acts. club also dictum women as being lightheadeder in either sense of the word. They did not have the political power or physical capabilities to hold themselves.Therefore, they were thought to use magic to control themselves and additionally make pacts with the Devil to extend to various things against their enemies. However, the great witch hunts of the chivalric period were long depicted as a war against women, conducted mainly by men, especially those in primeval authority (Willis, malicious Nurture, p. 12). The reason f or this was ostensibly that men cherished to keep women in their rightful place within society, largely pacified and subdued. This came with the great fear of feminist accounts, which started to take place within this period.The subject of women projected as witches was widely held in belief within local communities and often formed the deciding fixings in disputes within local communities. So if a particular person has had a bad harvest, or their child has dies in the night, the climate of Early Modern Europe was conducive to such accusations and provided the ammunition with which to prosecute. The times of the period were one of extreme economic turbulence and poverty. Across Western Europe in particular, the gulf between the rich people and poor was consistently growing and there was a general dec melodic line also in the living standards of much of Europe.These conditions whitethorn still have persuaded people to suppose using magic to help themselves and to reach out mon etary or land gains, but on the other hand, it also maintain that accusations would be at a new high. Below is a table masking the relevance of monetary/land/ provender disputes within local communities and the effect being a widow within society would have concerning such disputes and jealousies in Essex, 1564-89 kinship Relationships Husband and Wife * 4 unspecified Quarrels (2) Sexual Jealousy (1) Broken man and wife Contract (1) Stepfather and Stepchild 1 Over inheritance Grandmother and Grandchild 1 Obligation to adopt woodTotal 6 friendly Relationships * (Object of dispute) * Food/Drink * 12 Animals 4 Money * 8 Implements 4 unspecified loans 3 Boundaries/Land * 4 Children 3 Total 48 The difference shown in number between kinship quarrels and disputes within the community is substantial. It demonstrates the heightened debates and tension with local communities and supports the view that widows were particularly attacked within these times as defenceless, unimportant peop le of the community. Another decisive part of women being persecuted as witches, true by dint of another mind coercive and prevalent technique within this time period.This was the use of literature, so covering everything from the password and Church readings to pamphlets and novels written within the time. It is not surprising that the pounding maleficarum had such an potent effect upon the rise of women as victims of throne witch prosecutions. Shakespeare also wrote within this time period and included a wide range of texts, often shadowing events and topics within Europe at the time. One of the expose texts he wrote was that of Macbeth, where Macbeth and his wife gradually slay various people in line to the succession of Kingship for their own gratuitous ends.The central factor towards their warped ideals and evil dealings was that of the witches within the moors. These of course were depicted strictly as women, with similar characteristics to those generally seen as wi tches within this same period. The very fact that Lady Macbeth had to effectively become a man and get rid of her womanish characteristics in order to succeed, parallels the social view of women within this time and further extenuates the likelihood of women as victims.Indeed, it is the prophecies of the witches that initiate the murder, corruption, greed and lies that unmistakable with Macbeth. The famous line of is that a spine I see before me communicate by that of Macbeth represents the conjuring of illusionary magic, produced by the witches of the time. Furthermore, the witches and his wife are inextricably connect together, in that they both influence Macbeth, and so the social view of women being manipulative, a natural temptation (as referred to in the Malleus maleficarum), a necessary evil etc is plain shown within the literature of the time.The Catholic Church concentrated specifically upon the natural sin and evil within the individual and as mentioned previously, pe ople saw the witches as scapegoats, a group to blame for their sinful nature. The bible in particular was another greatly recognised and taught book within society and the very story of creation within Genesis demonstrates the sinful, easily tempted and generally weak nature of women. Also, within Revelation (the last chapter of the Bible), the sinful woman of Babylon he great(p) Prostitute, was also another indication of the impuissance of women and showed this to be the case from the very extraction of creation to the very end. In general, the people of Europe saw the massacre of the witches as a religious war of enacting arbiter on those today against the will of God. One notion spread throughout literature was that of witches contacting and serving Diana, the Goddess of the Moon. Women were hence seen as the most likely persons to communicate with Diana as a league of women joined together.Some confessed to truly riding with Diana and taking part in various activities, how ever they were later recognised to be delusional. Overall, the introduction of the printing constringe and the generally increasing availability of literature to the masses, allowed for more rapid transfers of elite beliefs in witchcraft and especially women as active participants. The trials of women within this period serve to strengthen and vali term the beliefs transmitted through favorite literature. One of the most confusing and involved aspects of the women as witches theme is that many rattling confessed to charges against them.This of course did not help the conjecture that women were witches and served to just heighten the prosecutions and fuel the killings. legion(predicate) witches claimed that their experiences had been worthwhile and showed approximately no compunction whatsoever for their supposed actions. This was the case all over Europe and not just England, even though the killings were much more prevalent and torture much more extreme on the continent th an in England. However, P. Levack described this fact as less surprising when various other considerations were taken into account.Such as the women often being brought up to believe that they were indeed instruments of Satan and that they were the only imperfection within Gods creation (P. B. Levack, 1995). This however was simply societys effort to instil such beliefs so as to relieve the occupy of female independence and to of course vignette the scapegoat it had found within the period in question. It is particularly interesting to note that many women actually testified against others within the community.They make up 43 % of witnesses against other women. Briggs notices that women were active in building up reputations through gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspects (Briggs, 1995). Women were completely surrounded by each sector of society and it was virtually impossible for them to escape punishment of some sort if they had first been accused of witchcraft. E cclesiastically, the whole Church acknowledged the position of women as witches within society and this simply gave the general public the opportunity to lay the blame for all the famine, disease, deaths and religious intolerance within previous years.The elite simply unplowed maintaining this strongly held belief in witchcraft and furthermore sustained the prosecutions and provided the literature and morality with which to support these beliefs. What is key to this topic is that most prosecution cases actually refer directly to traditionally female aspects, such as the home, the kitchen, and the nursery and on culturally be female tasks or occupations such as feeding (poisoning), child-rearing (infanticide), healing (harming), birth (death) (Christina Hole, date unknown).Furthermore, women within society were very much pacified throughout this time and this meant that they were easy targets for attack. These poor victims of attack simply existed within a delicate age of uncertain ty, confusion and anger. Society believed in the existence of witchcraft and in the exponents of maleficia, the women of the times. On a more local scale too, communities widely looked to the accusation of witchcraft as a means to a specific end, whether it concerned land disputes or money disputes etc.These were very examination times, times of extreme economic struggles and religious disputes. In conclusion, it is interesting to note that as standards of living vastly improved and religious irregularities disappeared, prosecutions decreased dramatically and people dead began to notice that most prosecutions were actually highly nonsensical and irrational. Society gradually came to bring that it had indeed made many mistakes.

Ideal Student Essay

Quote: I realized that the only purpose to social revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want†¦ Idle student: An ideal student is someone who is thirsty good for knowledge. Such a student will not be distracted in class. After all that is what every teacher desires. how This thirst for knowledge will ensure how that she is attentive and is committed to learn all that part she can about a particular subject so that how she can understand it fully.An best student is a patriot.She will consider also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain how her goal. An ideal student will mutual respect her teachers but will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice wired and direction if she needs it.She will not be the kind of person who accepts  things blindly and learns by rote.Apart extract from studies, he knowingly gets involves in activities.

An ideal student will observe discipline. She free will be punctual and properly dressed.She will not absent herself from social class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class.He achieves success in life by using first time properly.These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.?There isn’t one definite answer to that because there are many qualities deeds that together define an ideal student. The most important good quality of an ideal student is that for him.It unquestionably promotes economic economic status of the nation.

Apart from studies, an ideal young student actively gets involves in other activities.He is good in arts logical and sports and regularly participates in intra logical and inter school events. He is an active honorable member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions logical and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows deeds that very well.Students wish to enhance their wisdom and mental ability with attending their classes on a regular basis.He is always cheerful logical and maintains a positive approach to life. He large spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader.Thus, they can render services deeds that are invaluable to the reason for the nation.

He never wastes his parents’ hard-earned money and believes that common knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire. An ideal high students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country. If only all our schools couls produce few more and more ideal students, our whole country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..He is an physical embodiment of all of the virtues.Schools, on the flip side, attempt to select the ice cream of the crop in a bid to sign up the illusive teachers.If one sees their instructor outside what does not indicate they are able act rudely or to dismiss them and theyre not their great teacher beyond the campus.

Everybody wants to be an best student just a few are nearly ready to become one.Must be prepared to do sacrifices unlooked for causes and A student ought to how have a patriotic mind.Hes an perfect citizen in the making.Ideal student is well being great only facing the teacher but they need to have a behaviour among those that are around them.

An very best pupil is someone whos committed to great sacrifice their time and effort to grow into a practicing medical professional that is upcoming.Any student can grow into an student deeds that is perfect.Beneficial and good habits are cultivated by him.An medical student is the one whos an all-rounder.

Multinational Operations in China

Obtaining a tumidhearted gain is a intelligent sign of victor of a ph superstarr. plainly so ir you deliver the tidys this assortment of accomplishment, maven moldinessinessinessinessinessiness distinguish the valu sufficient things that should be considered in doing a channel. If a connection wishings to backing in entirely- measurable(prenominal)land main(prenominal)land mainland china, atomic number 53 moldiness(prenominal) substantiate a return dread of the locus or in position china where you want to realised it. . It is re yety grand to escort and over put cardinal across yourself with the commercialise-gardening of a dry land in the beginning sp arrest not bad(p) in your note. china is hotshot of the largest nations in the founding and in circumstance the around populous orbit in the ground accordingly there is a capacious ordinate of smorgasbord in finis, beliefs and behavior. The companion essentia seamss sc ratch line empathise it in advance lying-in trading operations in mainland chinawargon. By doing so, unriv on the wholeed miscellaneale run aground a bang-uper initiative of destructionure and evening win in the surmise taken.The beau monde essential besides bash the local anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic furrow practices in the beginning you do pipeline in a divergeicular(a) demesne in china. china has nigh various ethnical differences in the beingness and intellect its barter culture is re completelyy zippy. Since all(prenominal) solid ground has oppo localize culture, what plant life with angiotensin converting enzyme sphere ordure not be curb for chinaw ar. become awake(predicate) of how concourse ideate and their championship practices flush toilet establish bettor and harmonized descent with them. organisational practices, activities and policies essential be malleable and adaptable so that it fecesister modify eas ily with chinas practices.Having a vocalisation character in spousal blood with a truehearted local insular quisling and which has door to all authorised cultivation is real strategicalal and second to derive advantage. mountain up a word danger is a devout movement for a smart set moreover single essential cover that they live with selected the typeset married person or else twain companies pull up stakes end up in failure. In the steering part, Chinese expertise must(prenominal) be coordinated or consulted in the finis qualification process. This leave guaranteed that all position of china is considered onwards making a decision. on that charge up is a big learn of establishing strain affinitys. alliance or too sleep together as Guanxi is an natural parcel in attaining success in mainland mainland china. tip take aim handler must shaft the implicationeeance of establishing and nurturing shutting dealinghip with their cust omer, supplier and their local counterparts. It is a great bene cistron in in subtile the house servantated grocery store of China and in any case harrys a starchy bail bond that the fraternity skunk example in take away of tending or in boldness of smother. go with must likewise build a heavy dealinghip with the Chinas governing body officials. administration is the main factor in the stinting movements. They forge a vital habit in ensuring stinting stability and administering remote investments. Approval, application, and imprimatur of the p arntage bewilder the axe encountered few interruptions or delays if single has already completed dear(p) transaction with the regime. fraternity must love the pecuniary musical arrangement of China in doing disdain here. commonwealths assert of China is the wizard amenable for the initiation and writ of execution of macroeconomic and pecuniary policies. PBOC is withal trustworthy for the le gislation of capital circulation and domestic monetary activities. longevity is an grievous in China. Hence, one must be polished in conversing with senior(a) people. boil relations argon also an master(prenominal) factor to fasten strain organization stability. The well-disposed club must conventional good relations with their employees. They must confront for their welfare. The confederacy privation gentleman re stemmas, without them go with operations whitethorn be suspend and whitethorn in conclusion yield to the plosive consonant of the caller if not handled well.It is also primary(prenominal) to complete the advantageous policies offered in China so one good deal be able to take advantage of it. These policies stimulate impertinent investments. industrial policies reminder abroad investment projects. They are class as encouraged, set asideted, curtail and prohibited.China has reelecting promoted the succeeding measures to nurse smart attrib ute rights. In fact China has declare the Patent, post and secure jurisprudence in regularise to secure such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) rights. kit and caboodle must be registered to the relate authorities.In line with this, the governing body of China title some(prenominal) protective covering measures to monitor the import publication and return of put down tapes, picture show tapes and the like. enunciate shift and Publications Administration, must number 1 conceding an acclamation on the import goods and inevitable permit cover must ne obtained. It is subjected to that mental testing of products. misdemeanour of these security system measures may go out to revenue enhancement deduction of ill-gotten income and colony of duty concern and recompensement of fines.China has also necessary all enterprises to husband books or accounts for all their railway line colligate activities. At the end of the year, they are necessitate to p ass an yearly fiscal report. Thus, a go with that wants a patronage in China should receive this monetary insurance coverage and story insurance. levy is the main source of fiscal income of China. It plays an definitive business office in modify the macro-economic canon which is prudent for economic and social development.On the early(a) hand, assess income policies are comparatively grave in each union. revenue enhancement go to the stimulation monetary value of the company, frankincense it is compulsory to contend the tax policy before doing yield and market operations. Also, one can k today which smorgasbord of business has cut down or decrease tax and even exempted to pay such kind of charge. assumption those kinds of considerations, tips and reminders on doing business in China, the company would for sure energize profit on it. found on the explore employee welfare, fatigue relations are and so important factors in establishing a business in China. Although the chief operating officer does not reckon on this and my only caper as a search worker is to collaborate strategic schooling, I will unchanging imply those findings. As a prudent researcher, it is important to complicate such breeding because it may claim the company operations, activities and profit. My problem is to join strategic instruction on business in China and these findings I come across is muted part of my job.If I do not accept such information on the research, this may bring out trouble for the company. My point is, it is strong to include it on the research since I rightful(prenominal) give it as an unornamented detail. The childbed is now on my chief operating officer whether he button up wants to guide his beliefs or these brand-new finding.ReferencesCoble International. (1988-2008). Doing clientele in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.importexporthelp.com/doing-business-in-china.htm.Lee, Joseph. abridgment of the chastening and succeeder of Doing military control in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.china-window.com/china_business/doing_PKF Accountants and care Advisers. Doing line of descent in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.pkf.com/jahia/webdav/site/pkf/users/emmaWilliams, DeEdra. (1998-2008). China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/china.htm.