Essay Prison As A Last Resort - 2054 Words

To detain a person you are depriving them of their personal liberty (Findlay et al, 2000). The detention or imprisonment of offenders has been a consequence used for a variety of offences in society for hundreds of years. In recent times it has become such a frequently relied upon consequence that significant overcrowding in prisons has resulted (Findlay et al, 2000). In the 1990’s new implementations of rehabilitation were introduced to help ease the overcrowding in prisons. At this time, prison was utilised to the extent that the Queensland government adopted a strategy of â€Å"prison as a last resort†(Cavadino Dignan 2006). There are many pros and cons in using this strategy. This essay will consider both the pros and cons of this policy†¦show more content†¦The difference between juvenile and adult justice system is that the juvenile system caters for the juveniles needs, it looks beyond the crime that they have committed and looks more at what has brough t him/her here as an individual (McCord, Widom, Crowell, 2001). Detention centres are like prisons in that they deprive a person of their personal liberty (Findlay, Odgers Yeo, 2000). As with imprisonment of adults, this is intended to be a deterrent but it is also used as an avenue to rehabilitate offenders. Rehabilitation is facilitated by the offering of courses, to help the offender address his/her behaviour which society has labelled as â€Å"wrong† or inappropriate (Peterson, 1989; Shaffer, 1993). Therefore, a con of the strategy may be that the offenders are unable to access course that could assist them in rehabilitation. Another purpose of the detention centre for young people may be to shock them through the use of a military structure and to try and impress on them that they have done wrong (Munice, Hughes McLaughlin 2002). To support the policy there are different types of options that can be used instead of prison these can include boot camps, electric monitoring, intensive supervision probation, day centres, periodic detention and harsher alternatives include the following community service, community based order and fine option (White Perrone 2005). Boot camps are a short periodShow MoreRelatedPrison As A Last Resort2453 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is eliminated in prison is choice. What is encouraged is obedience. Bruno Bettelheim illustrated the result when he stated a prisoner had reached the final stage of adjustment to the camp situation when he had changed his personality so as to accept as his own the values of the Gestapo....Can one imagine a greater triumph for any system than this adoption of its values and behaviour by its powerless victims? Until choice can be freely exercised and caring behaviour encouraged, there canRead MoreShould The Prison Reform Be Used As A Last Resort?1760 Wor ds   |  8 Pages The percentage of women in prison, have increased over the years. Trusts such as the Prison Reform Trust, have a strong belief that prison should be used as a last resort. This dissertation will look to examine the main reasons behind the increase of female offenders in prison. It will also look to argue that in most cases, alternative sentences should be considered, rather than enforcing the custodial sentence. In March 2007, The Corston review, was publishes by Baroness Corston, regarding a reviewRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe amendments that are controversial with stakeholders include S 299A permitting the publication of identifying information, the automatic transfer of 17 year olds in detention to adult correctional facilities and the removal of detention as a last resort in sentencing. 3.0 Review of Legal Issues 3.1 To permit the publication the publication of identifying information One of the amendments of the Act includes S 234 permission to publish identifying information of juvenile criminals. Where youngRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Reading Essay : Solitary Confinement Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdevastating consequences of the use of solitary confinement in prisons. Studies show that the method of solitary confinement has the potential to lead to severe psychological effects on prison inmates. To address the consequences of solitary confinement in the U.S. federal prison system, President Obama directed Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch as well as the Justice Department to review and analyze the overuse of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons. Six months later, on January 25th, 2016, President ObamaRead MoreThe Destructive And Wrongful Use Of Solitary Confinement1675 Words   |  7 PagesKoula ENG 4U1 September 30th, 2015 The Destructive and Wrongful Use of Solitary Confinement Very few prison systems and prison facilities use the term â€Å"solitary confinement:, instead referring to prison â€Å"segregation† or placement in â€Å"restrictive housing† (Solitary Watch, FAQ). Solitary confinement is the total isolation of inmates who are feared for being a â€Å"danger† to â€Å"society,† — the prison system itself - for 23 hours a day from days to even decades. Solitary confinement was established in theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate For Juvenile Crime1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthey treat juveniles in prison also differs. The punishments they receive, the programs they have and the privileges they offer are all different. So why does the U.S have the highest rate for juvenile crime? The United States has the highest rate for juvenile crime yet, like several other countries the U.S juvenile courts seeks to rehabilitate and discourage youthful offenders from criminal activity by having a variety of programs to help and using imprisonment as a last resort. Although children ofRead MorePunishment Vs Rehabilitation . Life Is Full Of Choices,1232 Words   |  5 Pageslevel of offence. This is what we call prison. We send people to prison to be punished, to prevent them from committing the crime again and to deter others from doing the same. Those are all valid reasons for incarceration, but I believe that after someone has broken the law, the optimal response should be attempting to help them turn away from their criminal lifestyle. There must be a consequence for breaking the law, so trying to get rid of every single prison on Earth is just naà ¯ve; but I believeRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Brain Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesIt is common knowledg e that the American prison system has grown exponentially in the last few decades. The prison population within the last forty years has risen by two million inmates. Multiple factors such as overcrowding and cost cutting have also decreased the quality of life within prisons by an order of magnitude. With this rising statistic, it becomes increasingly urgent to understand the effect of incarceration on our prisoners and whether the reformation process is actually doing moreRead MoreDeath Of The 19th Century947 Words   |  4 Pages Pentridge Prison, built in the 1850 in the north of Melbourne, housed Victoria’s most infamous criminals, which included; Russell Street Bomber Craig Minogue, 1920’s gangster Squizzy Taylor, Hoddle Street gunman Julian Knight and Mark ‘Chopper’ Reid. Pentridge Prisons history emphasizes the changes in crime, offending and punishment over its period of operation. By the end of the 20th century, Australia was less violent in comparison to the end of the 18th and 19th centuries. Crimes thatRead MoreThe Civil Law System And The United States Of America1460 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years and is now considered to be one of the most corrupt nations in the world. This is due to the extremely high murder rate and the problems in drug trafficking. Ultimately, further examination of Venezuela’s laws, courts, law enforcement, and prison will help to better understand the differences in their criminal justice system and the United States of America. Venezuela is based on a civil law system, based on the Spanish civil code. The Venezuela Country risk report stated the following:

Research Proposal - 1165 Words

Quality of Life Name: Institutional Affiliation: How would you as a person be classified? Well, this the one question that would raise a heated debate and long list of the elements critical in classifying people that is because the issue is not about how best to classify people but rather what qualify life means. Quality life refers to the general person’s and societies’ well-being as well as the individual’s commitment to his or her life (Phillips, 2006). Quality life can also be defined in terms of the measurement of energy and power in an individual necessary for the enjoyment of life and prevalence over the challenges encountered. What is certain is that it is the individual that best determines the measurement of his or†¦show more content†¦The intention here is that people should build confidence in whatever they do no matter what (Nussbaum amp; Amartya, 1993). It is also worth noting that demographically, the social environment or experiences of an individual play a succinct role in the psycho social developmentof the person’s different stages of development. In reference to Erik Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, it is critical for individuals to develop their ego identity, behavioral competence as they are critical in addressing specific societal virtues and psychosocial crises (Erikson, amp; Coles, 2000). Additionally, Kohlberg’s moral development theory asserts that an individual’s future is affected by different demographic factors. The theory primarily concerns three stages namely pre- conventional, conventional and post-conventional stagesthat are in turn helpful in the description of new and comprehensive individuals’ personalities (Kohlberg, amp; Hersh, 1977). The pre-convention stage especially in relation to criminal justice concerns the moral reasoning levels of the judges in relation to the morality of an action and factors influencing it as in the case of a felony trail (Kohlberg, amp; Hersh, 1977). The convent ion stage of moral development tackles the jury’sjudgment methods for the morality of actions of the criminals throughShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research Proposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasiaRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for approaching you is because I will need funding

Theories of Language Evolution Free Essays

ASSIGNMENTS B. Com General – 1st Semester Subject Name: Language – Functional English Subject code: BCC 101 Summer Drive 2012 4 credits (60 marks) (BKID: B1294) Set 1 1. What is the difference between the theories of language evolution? 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Language Evolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 3 Language evolution and memes It is possible to imagine numerous potential scenarios by which language might have evolved as a purely biological adaptation. However, Susan Blackmore, reveals a different theory of language evolution in her book The Meme Machine. She proposes that it evolved for the sake of being a characteristic of a culture (memes), not as an adaptation for the benefit of genes. Susan says that memes first came into existence with the advent of true imitation in humans, which allowed the former to spread through populations. Recalling production of new copies or that fecundity is necessary for a replicator. She also said that the language came into existence to serve the purpose of being a mechanism for improving the fecundity of memes. Sound transmission has many advantages for the purpose – sounds can be heard by multiple listeners and can be used even at night. After sound transmission (proto-language) came into existence, the â€Å"digitalization† of language into discrete words arose as a mechanism for ensuring meme fidelity, or lack of errors in the new copies. She explains that those alterations that produce the most copies of the highest fidelity will be those that predominate, thus improving the language. Blackmore goes on to suggest that grammar was an adaptation to improve the fecundity and fidelity of existing memes; its recursive structure then provided the framework for the development of more complex memes, which then favored the existence of more complex grammar, etc. n a self-sustaining process. Furthermore, language then began to exert pressure on the genes, creating a selection pressure toward bigger brains that are better at language. If people prefer to mate with those possessing the best or most memes, then the genes that allowed those people to be good meme-spreaders will be differentially transmitted into the nex t generation. This process again leads to a self-catalytic process of brain evolution that places a strong survival and reproductive advantage on those most capable of meme transmission. Finally, Blackmore believes that language is an unavoidable result of the existence of memes, which follow naturally from the ability to imitate (an ability that is, surprisingly, realized in very few species). She states, â€Å"Verbal language is almost an inevitable result of memetic selection. First, sounds are a good candidate for high-fecundity transmission of behaviour. Second, words are an obvious way to digitise the process and so increase its fidelity. Third, grammar is a next step for increasing fidelity and fecundity yet again, and all of these will aid memorability and hence longevity†. 2. What are the common mistakes done while writing declarative sentences? Give examples of each of them. 2. 5. 3 Statement A statement is also known by the name of a declarative sentence. This type of sentence simply states a fact, an argument or an idea, without requiring any answer or action from the reader. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question. There are two types of statements, viz. 1. Unconditional statement 2. Conditional statement Let us understand both of them one by one. 1. Unconditional Statement: These are the statements without any condition in them. Example, a) Marina plays the piano. (b) I think you will pass. (c) I have forgotten his name. (d) She asked which drink I preferred. 2. Conditional Statement: These are the statements with a condition(s) in a clause accompanied by the main clause which shows the action. The conditional statements are of three types: (a) The open conditional statement. (b) The hypothetical conditional statement. (c) T he unfulfilled hypothetical statement. Let us understand each of them one by one. (a) The open conditional statement: This type of statement generally refers to a future event which is conditional on another future event. The verb of the conditional clause is in the simple present tense and the verb of the main clause is in the future tense (usually with â€Å"will†). Example, 1. If I sleep too much, my eyelids swell. 2. My eyelids swell if I sleep too much. 3. Only if the entire team works fast, we’ll finish the work today. 4. We will not finish the work today if the entire team does not work fast. 5. We will not finish the work today unless the entire team works fast. Occasionally, the open conditional statement describes a situation or an instance which is dependent on another instance (given in the conditional clause). In this case, both verbs are in the present tense. Example, 1. If I sleep well at night, I feel much relaxed in the morning. 2. If it rains, I enjoy it a lot. Sometimes, „if? is replaced by „when?. „If? implies that the condition is really open and may not be fulfilled, while „when? implies that the condition will be fulfilled and event will certainly take place. Example, 1. I will sing when you dance. 2. I shall have my lunch when the bell rings. (b) The hypothetical conditional statement: The hypothetical conditional statement refers to a possible future situation which depends on another possible future situation. The verb of the main clause uses the present conditional tense (would + infinitive, or could + infinitive) and the verb of the conditional clause normally uses the present subjunctive. Sometimes, the conditional aspect of the statement can be emphasized by using the form were + to + infinitive. Example, 1. If you slept well at night, you would be relaxed in the morning. 2. You would be relaxed in the morning if you slept well at night. 3. Only if the entire team worked fast, we could finish the work that day. 4. We would not finish the work that day if the entire team did not work fast. 5. We would not finish the work that day unless the entire team worked fast. 6. If the entire team were to work fast, we could finish the work that day. Sometimes the statements use the open hypothetical form, though it is clearly quite impossible. In such cases, the main clause uses would/could+ verb form. Example, 1. If I were you, I would never go there. 2. My teacher told me that I would definitely improve my scores if I worked harder. (c) The unfulfilled hypothetical statement: The unfulfilled hypothetical statement refers to a situation which an event might have taken place, but did not, because a condition was not fulfilled. The verb of the main clause goes 3. What do you mean by passive voice? 3. 2. 2 Passive voice The active voice is the â€Å"normal† voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to blend it. The structure of the passive voice is very simple: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle) The main verb is always in its past participle form. [pic] Though usually active voice is given preference over the others, it does not mean that passive voice should not be used. But you should use it only in the following instances: †¢ In order to intentionally make something true so as to minimize the guilt of the subject. For example, †¢ A cheating wife might respond, â€Å"Yes, adultery was committed by me. † †¢ In order to intentionally hide the subject of the sentence. For example, †¢ A political leader might say, â€Å"Mistakes were made. † †¢ In order to make passive voice better emphasize the main point of the passage. For example, Children were harmed by unlicensed cab drivers Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats). The passive voice is less usual. Look at this sentence: He was killed with a bullet. Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the bullet is not the active subject. The bullet did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a bullet. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a bullet. The bullet is the instrument. Somebody is the â€Å"agent† or â€Å"doer†. Conjugation for the passive voice Passive can be made in any tense. If we pay attention, we will find that the conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example: †¢ Present simple: It is made. †¢ Present continuous: It is being made. †¢ Present perfect: It has been made. 4. 2 Concepts of Vocabulary Building Each of us stands testimony to the fact that it is an essential prerequisite to have a good vocabulary in order to communicate effectively. There are many ways to improve our vocabulary. Some of them are as under: 1. Flash Cards: Flash cards are an excellent method of reviewing both old and new vocabulary words. Not only are they the best way to learn vocabulary, you may also use them in other ways. For example, key ideas may be written out and reviewed. In addition, declensions such as the article can be put on a card for easy reviewing. These types of cards will need to be larger than 2† x 4†. A full size index card would work for these purposes. Let us make a flash card now. (a) On the front of the flash card: Write a vocabulary word, and only the word, neatly on the front of the card. Center the word both horizontally and vertically, and be sure to keep the front of the card free from extra markings, smudges or doodles. b) On the upper left corner of the back of the flash card: On the reverse side, the information side of the flash card, write a definition for the word in the upper left corner. Make sure you write the definition in your own words. This is the key. If you write a dictionary definition, you will be less likely to remember what the word means! (c) On the upper r ight corner of the back of the flash card: Write the part of speech in the upper right corner of the info side. Make sure you understand what the part of speech means before writing it down. Then, colour-code it. Highlight the part of speech with one colour. When you make another flashcard with another part of speech, you’ll use a different colour. Make all the nouns yellow, all the verbs blue, etc. Your mind remembers colours really well, so you’ll start to associate colour with the part of speech, and you’ll have an easier time remembering how the word functions in a sentence. (d) On the lower left corner of the back of the flash card: Use the vocabulary word in a sentence you will remember. Make the sentence steamy, hillarious, or creative in some other way. If you write a bland sentence, your chances of remembering what the word means go way down. Example of a memorable sentence: My pompous ex-boyfriend used to think he could get any girl he wanted, until he met my friend Mandy, who laughed at his conceited self in front of the entire school. Example of a non-memorable sentence: The king, whose pompous heads-of-state were trying to dethrone, decided to flee the country to save his own life. (e) On the lower right corner of the back of the flash card: Draw a small picture/graphic to go with the vocabulary word. It doesn’t have to be artistic – just something that reminds you of the definition. For the word â€Å"pompous,† or â€Å"conceited†, maybe you’d draw a stick person with his nose in the air. Why? You remember pictures much better than words, which is the reason you can’t write anything on the front of the card besides the vocabulary word – you’d remember the design and associate it with the definition instead of associating the word with the definition. Repeat this process for every one of your vocabulary words, until you have a deck of flash cards. 2. Rote method (repetition): This is something that we all hate. Rote the new words up to remember them. But isn’t it the way we used to learn new words in the childhood? So remember, when no other methods work, you should not hesitate to resort to the time tested rote method. 3. Self dictionary: We hear and read new words all the time but rarely do we take the time to look them up. When you hear an unfamiliar word, jot it down and take the time to look it up later. 4. Word games: There are many games that can be played online. It not only serves as a way to entertain but at the same time, develops your vocabulary. Some of the examples of such games are Word Search, Cross Words, Hang Mouse, Quiz, Match Game, Scramble, Letter Blocks, etc. 5. Visualisation: At times there are very difficult words that can’t be learnt by any method else than visualization. Words can be related with something familiar and funny so that it can be remembered. 6. Reading: Read a lot. The experience of encountering unfamiliar words in print is remarkably instructive. First, because you’re already engaged in reading something, you are arguably more motivated to learn a new word so that you better understand what you’re voluntarily reading. Second, you have come across the word organically rather than artificially (i. e. in a vocabulary list). You’ll pick up new words – and clarify meanings of words already in your toolkit – by exposing yourself to them in their, shall we say, natural habitat. The context will enrich your attempt to build a better vocabulary. Diversity of topics is important: Read some natural science stuff, applied science stuff, contemporary literature, Shakespeare, Psychology book and then consume a humorous work. Varied reading will sharpen both general and subject-specific vocabularies. A manger may not feel the utility of subjects like History, Philosophy, Biology, Travel, Anthropology, Linguistics, Art, Gender Studies, Politics, etc. But a mind that knows varied fields has a rich vocabulary as well as is respected everywhere. You don’t have to be an expert in all disciplines to build a meaty vocabulary, but you do need to be a well-informed reader who is confident and comfortable reading on topics outside your areas of immediate expertise. 7. Interact in English: All said and done, we must try to improve our spoken English so as to write better. The more we speak in English, the better it would be for us to improve our vocabulary. 5. Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words: i. You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something. – Pronoun ii. We left for the mountain just before six in the morning. – Verb iii. We first went to the store to buy a few things. – Preposition iv. We had a breakfast at a cafe near the rail station. – Noun v. My friend wasn’t strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack. – Adjective vi. I helped him carry it. – Pronoun vii. The weather was very cold. – Adverb viii. My friend said, â€Å"Oh! What a cold weather! † – Interjection ix. We didn’t spend the night there. – Adverb x. We got back home late at night but we didn’t go to sleep immediately. We were very hungry. – Conjunction. 6. Fill in the blanks with these words: against, at, like, on, to, up, with, near, for. i. She is doing a degree course __at__a university. ii. We had to climb slowly ___up__ the hill. iii. His house looks __like___ a temple. iv. Don’t lean that ladder ___ against __ the wall. v. My house is quite ___ near __ to your school. vi. A university is where you study ___ for __ a degree. vii. He sometimes quarrels ___ with __ the neighbour. viii. Her next birthday will be __on__ a Sunday. ix. My father has a car __like__ yours. x. The mob stoned her __to__ death. How to cite Theories of Language Evolution, Essay examples

Case Study of John Gray-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of John Gray. Answer: Introduction: Nursing is a profession that is based on practice and experience (Levett-Jones, 2013). Therefore, the application of clinical reasoning methods in nursing is considered an essential aspect of the profession. A nurse who possesses a well-defined skill for clinical reasoning has a greater level of effectiveness in terms of providing a positive impact on individuals (Levett-Jones, 2013). These individuals provide a considerable amount of positivity in the clinical outcomes for the patients and their families (Alatri et al., 2012). Patients and their families often obtain a positive and satisfactory clinical experience upon interacting with nurses who display clinical reasoning skills. On the contrary, the lack of clinical reasoning in a nurse often leads to the failure of identification of signs of deterioration in the health of the patient. Nurses who lack sufficient skills of clinical reasoning often are unable to identify patient concerns and signs of ill-health (Parth, Hrusto-Lemes, Lffler-Stastka, 2014). The outcomes of patient experience generally depend upon the level of satisfaction of each individual towards the nurse and the experience that they gain from the health care experience (Huh et al., 2012). Particularly in mental health nursing or psychiatric nursing, the practice of developing critical thinking and clinical reasoning in order to determine the outcomes for the patient at every stage of healthcare is one of the most essential aspects of healthcare (Puntil et al., 2013). Patients of mental health concerns, depression in particular, have several levels of challenges and these problems translate to nursing care concerns (Smith et al., 2014). Depression has a high aetiology rate and is becoming increasingly common in the recent years and is considered a common occurrence. Mental health issues and depression demand the existence of clinical reasoning amongst psychiatric nurses (Osafo, Knizek, Akotia, Jhelmeland, 2012). Depression is an enfeebling disorder and often weakens the individual in body and spirit. In mental health nursing, it is of critical importance to analyse the various stages of patient care. The clinical reasoning model that is followed in the current essay i s the Levett-Jones model of clinical reasoning. This model follows a series of steps for the evaluation of patient condition, information, and clinical signs and symptoms (Levett-Jones, 2013). Clinical reasoning comprises of the assessment of patient concerns and considerations. This is followed by the collection of the patient information and listing the observations from the patient history and previous and/or ongoing medical treatments (Linkins et al., 2012). This is followed by the analysis of the patient information and history, recognition of the specific concerns for that patient, setting of nursing goals, identification of the nursing goal that has highest priority, and a final evaluation of the fulfilment of the nursing priorities identified. The current essay evaluates the patient outcomes for John Gray, a 28-year-old male patient diagnosed with severe depression followed by a failed suicide attempt. The present article follows the individual steps for patient nursing priorities for John. Considerations for the patient: John is a 28-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital following an episode of self-harm. John has a farming background in Brisbane and his father was a grazier. John is expected to supervise the family farm, which has been greatly affected by a long-term drought condition, and relieve his father of his duties by taking over. The primary considerations of the patient include depression, self-harm and suicidal tendencies, lack of interaction, unstable intake routine of medication, mood-swings, and behavioural inconsistencies. Collection of information and cues from patient history and presentations: Johns behaviour has been stand-offish and relatively repulsive. He does not display any interest in conversation and was rude upon introduction. He has very little or no appetite. His medical records indicate normal-slightly low blood pressure (125/75), normal body temperature (36.3 degree Celsius), normal (borderline low) pulse rate (66 beats per minute), and a normal rate of respiration (18 per minute). John has a mark on his neck caused by the rope that he used whilst attempting suicide. He additionally has broken skin patches and few bruises caused from the fall upon failure of his attempt. He is not found with any serious injuries and his bruises have been bandaged. He does not show any interest in group activities or one-on-one conversation. Johns ongoing treatment protocol includes anti-depressant drug venlafalxine with a daily dosage of 75 mg bd and doses of vitamin B and multivitamin tablets. Analysis and processing of the obtained information: The patient information indicates that there is an absence of physical or physiological illness or injury. The history of the patient suggests that the primary cause for his depression is likely to be the lack of a stable future and the drought that has severely impacted the everyday life of his family and thus, his own. Since John is expected to take over the farm activities, it is most likely the cause for severe worry and resultant depression. John has no vital abnormalities in his physical health parameters, which indicate a near-optimal physical health status. However, John seems to have a relatively low pulse, respiratory rate, and body temperature. John has attempted suicide recently and is still suicidal and uninterested in group activities or conversation. Since depression is a debilitating mental health condition, it can drain the energy and strength in a person (Kelton et al., 2013). Therefore, multivitamin tablets and Vitamin B has been included into the medical treatment regimen for the individual (Puntil et al., 2013). Identification of specific problems: John presents with a severe case of depression and is suicidal. He has attempted suicide in the past and does not seem to have recovered completely from the shock and the trauma of the failure of his attempt. The primary concerns for this specific patient is the pharmacological and medical treatment for bruises and mild injuries and more importantly, his depression symptoms. The use of anti-depressant drug Venlaflaxine can lead to mood swings, which can prove dangerous in John, since he is suicidal and has many mood swings (Coutre, Leung, Tirnauer, 2015). Venlaflaxine causes mood swings, behavioural changes, hyperactive or restless behaviour, hostility and aggression, impulsivity, irritation, lack of interest, and agitation. John displays most of these symptoms and shows severe disinterest in activities or conversation, along with being moody or hostile. The primary concern in this patient is therefore to focus on monitoring his reactions to Venlaflaxine and closely monitoring and e nsuring the regular intake of his Vitamin tablets and medication. The patient has to be closely monitored to prevent suicidal or aggressive behaviour. An attempt to build a trusting and pleasant nurse-client relationship and rapport is crucial (Cuker, Gimotty, Crowther Warkentin, 2012). Establishment of nursing goals: The goals and priorities identified for John include: Monitoring and ensuring the regular intake of Venlaflaxine, Vitamin B, and multivitamin tablets. Closely monitoring and recording changes in behaviours, moods, and attitudes Prevention of self-harm and hostile behaviour with the help of a trusting and pleasant nurse-client relationship. The present case of John presents several challenges for the fulfilment of the goals identified in nursing. The effects of Venlaflaxine can be adverse in certain conditions and can catalyse hostile or suicidal tendencies in young adults. The nursing priorities must therefore focus on interventions that can help prevent self-harm, suicide, or behavioural and mood changes. Therefore, of the three nursing goals established, the most critical goal is to the prevention of self-harm and suicide. These goals can be achieved by monitoring the patients mood and behaviour changes. Action and execution: The realisation of the goals and priorities set for the nursing intervention for John are complex and difficult to achieve, due to the inconsistencies of moods and behaviour in the patient. Therefore, my action plan is to: Prevention of self-harm and suicidal tendencies by watching the patient closely and controlling the availability of objects that can be used for self-harm. The patient has to be observed continuously; however, care has to be taken that the patient does not learn that he is being watched or monitored, in order to avoid suspicion or irritation in the patient. Monitor the intake of drugs periodically by closely watching the drug intake behaviour in the patient. Building a patient and trusting rapport with the patient by constantly engaging him in conversations, despite his aloof or cold reaction. However, at times if he is reluctant or shows severe disinterest, I have chosen to give him additional time. Outcomes of the action and evaluation: The current case of John Gray has been particularly challenging in terms of building a rapport and monitoring his mood swings or behavioural adversities without his knowledge. The primary nursing priority was to prevent self-harm. I ensured this by restricting availability of objects that can be used for self-harm. I monitored his progress gradually and the outcomes of my nursing intervention are the following: His comfort-level and rapport with have greatly improved. He has started to greater interest and participation in one-on-one and group activities and conversations His self-harm tendencies seem reduced. He has learned to cope with mood swings resulting from Venlaflaxine intake by limiting conversation at times of disinterest or irritability. He has developed insight on his mood swings and has improved sustenance to these side-effects of his anti-depressant, Venlaflaxine medication. He has improved relations with his peers and physicians. He reports absence of suicidal thoughts. Reflections of the nursing experience: The case of John Gray was both devastating and emotionally disturbing for me, especially because he is a young individual. His attempt at suicide and the subsequent depression was severe and has annihilated his interest in life. Gradually, with the nursing intervention and the progress of my interactions with him, I discovered that persons with depression respond to nurses or simply individuals who pay keen attention to their well-being as compared to their response to medication. I have found that Johns improvement resulted from a variety of factors, including his interactions with me, his nurse. I learned from this episode, that the psychiatric nurse plays a crucial role in the prevention of suicide and in cases of depression, it is the critical reasoning that a nurse displays, that can eliminate the likelihood of suicidal tendencies. References American Psychiatric Nurses Association (2015). Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Essential Competencies for Assessment and Management of Individuals at Risk for Suicide. 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